How would you apply the security categorization standards (FIPS 199) to decide if each of the information security risk mitigations (“safeguards”) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns are needed?
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Example 1: Publicly available geospatial data showing locations of critical infrastructure (e.g., power plants).
Identify Security Objectives:High confidentiality, as disclosure could lead to targeted attacks.Moderate integrity, as data manipulation could mislead planning.High availability, as disruption of access could hinder response efforts.
Categorize the Information:
Confidentiality: High
Integrity: Moderate
Availability: High
Determine Potential Impact Levels:
Potential impact from loss of confidentiality: Severe (High)/loss of integrity: Serious (Moderate)/loss of availability: Severe (High)
Evaluate Using FGDC Guidelines:
1.Data can be used for selecting targets and planning attacks.
2.Unique information not easily available from other sources.
3.Security costs outweigh societal benefits of unrestricted access.
Apply Safeguards Based on Evaluation:
1.Data can be changed to obfuscate exact locations.
2.Authority to change data is confirmed.
3.Change data, document modifications, and reassess.
If changing data is not feasible, proceed to restriction of access.
Example 2: General public mapping data for city parks.
Identify Security Objectives:
Low confidentiality, as data is meant for public use.
Low integrity, minor modifications won’t cause significant issues.
Low availability, as alternative sources are available.
Categorize the Information:Confidentiality: Low/ Integrity: Low/ Availability: Low
Determine Potential Impact Levels:
Potential impact from loss of confidentiality: Limited (Low)/ loss of integrity: Limited (Low)/ loss of availability: Limited (Low)
Evaluate Using FGDC Guidelines:
1.Data not useful for selecting specific targets.
2.Information readily observable and available from other sources.
Apply Safeguards Based on Evaluation:
Safeguarding is not justified. Document the decision.
According to the FIPS 199 “The FISMA defines three security objectives for information and information systems:
CONFIDENTIALITY: “Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information…” [44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542] . A loss of confidentiality is the unauthorized disclosure of information.
INTEGRITY :“Guarding against improper information modification or destruction, and includes ensuring information non-repudiation and authenticity…” [44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542]. A loss of integrity is the unauthorized modification or destruction of information.
AVAILABILITY :“Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information…” [44 U.S.C., SEC. 3542] ”. A loss of availability is the disruption of access to or use of information or an information system.
The information security risk mitigation (“safeguards”) in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns are not needed. It put risk to Integrity and Availability of the data,which means it disobey the FIPS 199 and 44 U.S.C., Sec. 3542.
Example 1: Publicly Available Geospatial Data Showing Government Building Locations
1. Identify Security Objectives
Confidentiality: High – Disclosure could lead to targeted attacks on government buildings.
Integrity: Moderate – Data manipulation could mislead emergency responses.
Availability: High – Disruption of access could hinder emergency management.
2. Determine Potential Impact Levels
Confidentiality: High
Integrity:Moderate
Availability: High
3. Evaluate Using FGDC Guidelines
The data could be used to identify and plan attacks on government buildings.
The information is unique and not easily available from other sources.
Net Benefit: The security costs of public access outweigh the societal benefits.
4. Apply Safeguards Based on Evaluation
Obfuscate specific locations and sensitive details in the data.
If modification is not feasible, limit access to authorized personnel only.
Example 2: Public Geospatial Data for Tourist Attractions like National Parks
1. Identify Security Objectives
Confidentiality: Low – The data is intended for public use.
Integrity: Low – Minor modifications won’t cause significant issues.
Availability: Low – Alternative sources are available.
2. Determine Potential Impact Levels
Confidentiality: Low
Integrity: Low
Availability: Low
3. Evaluate Using FGDC Guidelines
The data is not useful for planning specific attacks.
The information is readily observable and available from other sources.
The societal benefits of open access outweigh any negligible security risks.
4.Apply Safeguards Based on Evaluation
Document the decision and maintain public access, as no safeguarding is needed.
Firstly， determine the security category. According to FIPS 199, categorizing the geospatial data and then defines three security categories: low, moderate, and high, based on the potential impact.
Secondly, identify the applicable security controls.
Thirdly, match safeguards to security controls.
Fourthly, assess adequacy and appropriateness. Evaluate whether the identified safeguards adequately address the security requirements and concerns associated with the geospatial data.
Finally, monitor and review. Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the implemented security controls and safeguards through regular assessments, audits, and testing. Update the security posture as needed to address emerging threats, changes in the data environment, or evolving security requirements.
(1) Information classification: Firstly, classify geospatial data according to FIPS 199. FIPS 199 categorizes information into three categories: non confidential, confidential, and top secret. This classification process will consider the sensitivity, potential harm, and confidentiality requirements of the information.
(2) Determine security impact: For each type of information, determine its confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements according to the guidance of FIPS 199. These requirements will guide how to design information security measures.
(3) Risk assessment: Conduct a risk assessment to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities faced by geospatial data. The evaluation will consider external and internal threats, such as hacker attacks, data breaches, internal misoperations, etc.
(4) Select safeguard measures: Based on the results of risk assessment, combined with the information classification and security impact of FIPS 199, select appropriate safeguard measures. For example, for confidential geospatial data, stricter access controls, encrypted transmission and storage, regular backup and recovery measures may need to be implemented.
(5) Implementation and monitoring: Implement safeguard measures according to guidelines and conduct regular monitoring and review. This includes checking the effectiveness of security measures, assessing potential security threats and vulnerabilities, and making adjustments and improvements as needed.
When determining whether each information security risk mitigation measure (“safeguard measure”) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data to Address Security Issues is necessary, the FIPS 199 security classification standard can be applied by following the following steps:
1. Information classification: Firstly, classify geospatial data according to the FIPS 199 standard. This involves assessing the sensitivity of data and the potential impact on national security if data is leaked.
2. Risk assessment: Next, conduct a risk assessment on the classified geospatial data. This includes identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts related to geospatial data.
3. Determine security requirements: Based on the results of risk assessment, determine what security measures are needed to reduce or eliminate potential security risks. This may include measures such as physical security, network security, access control, encryption, auditing, and monitoring.
4. Matching safeguard measures: Match the safeguard measures described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data to Address Security Issues with the safeguard requirements determined through risk assessment. Ensure that the selected security measures fully meet the security requirements for specific geospatial data categories.
5. Implementation and monitoring: Based on the matching results, implement corresponding security measures and continuously monitor their effectiveness. This may include regularly reviewing security policies, updating technical protection measures, training employees, and conducting security audits.
Throughout the entire process, The FIPS 199 security classification standard provides a framework for determining the sensitivity of geospatial data and developing appropriate security strategies based on it. By combining risk assessment and matching safeguard measures, appropriate guidelines for accessing geospatial data can be ensured to address security issues.
As for which safeguard measures are most important, it depends on the specific risk assessment results and the organization’s business needs. In some cases, physical security may be more important, while in others, network security or access control may be more critical. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive analysis and decision-making based on specific circumstances.
1.Categorization:Assume geospatial data related to a nuclear facility is categorized as High impact due to the potential severe consequences of an attack.
2.Risk Assessment:The data includes detailed layouts and operational procedures which could aid in planning an attack, posing a significant security risk.
3.Uniqueness:The information about the facility’s internal layout and operations is not available from public sources, making it unique.
4.Cost-Benefit Analysis:While the data could be beneficial for scientific research and emergency preparedness, the security risks of public dissemination outweigh these benefits.
5.Implement safeguards to mitigate the security risk: Remove or obscure sensitive information about operational procedures and internal layouts. Provide the modified data to authorized personnel only and impose restrictions on its redistribution.
Identify the specific types of geospatial data and related information processed within an organization. For each type of information, FIPS 199 is used to assess its potential impact on three security objectives: confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA).
Assign a potential impact level to each information type: low, medium, or high.
Assign impact levels: Determine the potential impact if unauthorized access to geospatial data occurs. Assess the potential impact if geospatial data is altered or tampered with. Consider how changes to data affect decision making, security, or operations. Consider how an outage or lack of access to data might impact operations, emergency response, or service.
Determine the overall impact level for each information type based on the highest impact level assigned to any CIA target. Match mitigation measures with impact levels: Compare these protective measures with FIPS 199 impact levels to determine which are necessary. For example:
Low impact: Implement basic security measures such as password protection and routine monitoring.
Medium impact: Enhanced security through measures such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, and regular security audits.
High impact: Apply strict security measures, including restricted access, real-time monitoring, incident response plans, and possibly even physical security controls.
Implement appropriate safeguards based on the determined level of impact. Security measures need to be continuously monitored and adjusted to take into account any changes in data sensitivity, emerging threats, or changes in organizational needs.
By applying FIPS 199, it is possible to ensure that the appropriate level of security matches the potential risks associated with geospatial data, thereby effectively protecting information.
Evaluate each safeguard measure: For each safeguard measure described in the Guidance, evaluate its potential effectiveness in reducing specific security risks and analyze whether the safeguard measure is effective in preventing, detecting, responding to, or recovering from a security incident caused by a data breach or unauthorized access. Application of FIPS 199 Security classification: The potential impact of geospatial data is matched against the impact categories in the security classification framework according to FIPS 199, and if the data breach is likely to result in a high potential impact (e.g., a serious threat to public safety or national security), the corresponding high-level safeguards are required.
Applying the FIPS 199 security classification standard to determine the need for safeguards in geospatial data access guidelines is a systematic process that takes into account the potential impact of the data, the effectiveness of safeguards and the current security environment.
Applying the FIPS 199 security classification standard will involve the following steps to determine the need for the information security risk mitigation described:
First, the nature and sensitivity of the relevant geospatial data are assessed. If data is compromised, the potential impact on individuals or organizations, the extent of damage that could occur. Based on this assessment, the appropriate security category is determined in accordance with FIPS 199. Each of the safeguards described in the guidelines is then reviewed and assessed as relevant and necessary against the identified safety categories. For example, if the data is classified as high level, more stringent safeguards and a detailed audit trail may be required. In the case of a moderate category, a combination of preventative and detection controls may be sufficient.
Throughout the process, the application of safeguards is constantly reassessed and adjusted as the nature of environmental or geospatial data changes.
Firstly, identify and classify the data and systems involved in providing access to geospatial data. This classification includes determining the sensitivity and criticality of the data and the potential impact of a breach. Based on this classification, we can assign a security category to the system handling the data.
Secondly, assess the threats and vulnerabilities associated with each security category.
Thirdly, we evaluate the safeguards required by FIPS 199 for each identified threat. For example, if an organization is facing APTs, it may require multi-factor authentication, regular security awareness training among employees, and real-time monitoring of network traffic for suspicious activities.
Fourthly, we implement controls that address identified vulnerabilities. This could involve setting strong password policies, encrypting sensitive data at rest and in transit, implementing firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDS), and regularly updating software and systems to patch known vulnerabilities.
Finally, we continuously monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of these controls through regular audits and penetration testing.
To apply the security categorization standards (FIPS 199) to determine the necessity of each information security risk mitigation (“safeguard”) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns, we need to follow a structured approach based on the potential impact assessment and the classification of information types and systems.
Firstly, we assess the potential impact of losing confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the geospatial data on an organization’s operations, assets, and individuals. This is done by determining the level of adverse effect that such a loss could have on these aspects, which is categorized as LOW, MODERATE, or HIGH according to the definitions provided in FIPS 199. For instance, if the loss of confidentiality is expected to have a limited adverse effect on operations, it would be categorized as LOW.
Secondly, we categorize the type of geospatial data according to its content and sensitivity. This involves identifying the specific categories of information (e.g., privacy-related, proprietary, financial) defined by an organization or by law. Each category is associated with potential impact levels for confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Thirdly, we evaluate the security category of each system that processes this data. Systems are assessed based on the highest potential impact values from among those determined for each type of information residing on the system. If the system contains both routine administrative data and highly sensitive investigative information, the security category would be based on the higher potential impact values assigned to the more sensitive information types.
Finally, we apply the appropriate safeguards based on these categorization results. Safeguards should be commensurate with the assessed risks and aligned with existing authorities available to organizations. For example, if the geospatial data originates from an organization and is found to require safeguarding due to its sensitivity and potential high impact on operations or assets, then measures like restricting access, use, or redistribution would be implemented accordingly.
To apply FIPS 199 security categorization standards to decide if the information security risk mitigations (“safeguards”) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns are needed, follow these steps:
Understand FIPS 199 Categorization: Categorize information and systems based on potential impact (low, moderate, high) from a security breach.
Identify Security Objectives: FIPS 199 identifies three objectives:
Confidentiality: Protect information from unauthorized access.
Integrity: Ensure information accuracy and completeness.
Availability: Ensure reliable access to information.
Determine Potential Impact Levels: Assess and categorize each information type (e.g., geospatial data) based on worst-case impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Map Safeguards to Security Objectives: Identify which safeguards correspond to the data’s security objectives and determine how they mitigate associated risks.
Evaluate the Need for Safeguards:
Low impact: Basic safeguards may be sufficient.
Moderate impact: More robust safeguards are necessary.
High impact: Comprehensive safeguards are required.
Apply Appropriate Safeguards: Decide on necessary safeguards based on the categorization and ensure alignment with impact levels.
Example Application
Geospatial Data Categorization:
Confidentiality: Minimal impact = low; significant damage = high.
Integrity: Non-critical incorrect decisions = moderate; severe failures = high.
Availability: Minor inconvenience = low; critical disruption = high.
Selecting Safeguards:
High confidentiality impact: Strong encryption, access controls, regular audits.
Moderate integrity impact: Data validation, checksums, version control.
High availability impact: Robust disaster recovery, redundant systems, regular backups.
As can be seen from FIPS 199, information and information systems are categorized into three categories: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Then, an impact assessment was conducted for each information system to categorize potential security events based on their level of impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability, with impact levels categorized as low, medium, or high. Based on the assessed impact level, appropriate risk mitigation measures or “safeguards” are selected. Safeguards should be tailored to the severity of the risk to ensure that protections are commensurate with the level of risk. The selected safeguards are then implemented and their effectiveness is continuously monitored and evaluated to ensure that they effectively address the identified risks and are adjusted as necessary.
The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 provides a standard for categorizing the security objectives for information and information systems. It divides information and systems into three security categories based on the potential impact of unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. The categories are Low Impact、Moderate Impact and High Impact.When applying FIPS 199,Identify the data first，determine what geospatial data you are dealing with and its characteristics.Then,assess the Current Security Posture**: Evaluate the current security measures in place to protect the geospatial data.For each safeguard, analyze the likelihood and potential impact of the risk if the safeguard is not implemented.At the same time,Regularly review the categorization and safeguards to ensure they remain appropriate as the data, threats, and environment evolve.
By applying FIPS 199 standards, organizations can ensure that they are taking a risk-based approach to securing geospatial data, implementing safeguards that are appropriate for the level of risk associated with the data. This helps to balance the need for security with the need for access to the data for legitimate purposes.
When working with geospatial data, we first need to familiarize ourselves with the FIPS 199 standard and evaluate the sensitivity of the data according to the different security impact levels (low, medium, high) defined by it. We will then conduct an in-depth analysis of the geospatial data to assess its significance, sensitivity and potential risks. The FIPS 199 framework is then applied to accurately classify geospatial data to the appropriate level of security impact. After the classification is complete, we will carefully review the protection measures to ensure that they match the classification of FIPS 199 and effectively protect the data. Subsequently, we will develop a detailed implementation plan, specifying the priorities of various protection measures and the implementation schedule to ensure the effective implementation of the plan. After implementing protection measures, we need to maintain continuous supervision and adjust protection strategies as the environment and threats change. Finally, we will document all decisions and results throughout the process for proof in audits and compliance checks. Through this integrated process, we are able to ensure the security and compliance of geospatial data.
To apply the security categorization standards outlined in FIPS 199 (Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 199), you would assess the impact of potential security risks associated with geospatial data and determine the appropriate security categorization for the data. FIPS 199 defines three security impact levels: low, moderate, and high, based on the potential impact on organizational operations, assets, or individuals.
Once the security categorization for the geospatial data is determined, you can then evaluate each of the information security risk mitigations (“safeguards”) described in the guidelines to decide if they are needed. Here’s how you can approach this process:
1. Identify Security Objectives.
2. Assess Security Categorization.
3. Match Safeguards to Security Categorization.
4. Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Conduct a risk assessment to identify specific threats and vulnerabilities that may affect the security of geospatial data at each impact level. Prioritize mitigation efforts based on the likelihood and potential impact of these risks, taking into account the security categorization and recommended safeguards.
5. Document Decisions and Rationale.
To apply FIPS 199 security categorization standards to determine the need for risk mitigations in the “Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns”，I will introduce this part by using a bank as a simple.
1. Categorize Information: Identify the impact level of the geospatial data for this bank on confidentiality, integrity, and availability are high impact level.
2. Assess Impact Levels:
Confidentiality: Assess data sensitivity and the consequences of unauthorized access is dangourous for the nation finance safety.
Integrity: Evaluate the importance of data accuracy and reliability is must be complete.
Availability: Determine the necessity of data availability and the impact of its unavailability. If it is unavailability, the bank be destructed by this bug.
3. Map to Safeguards:
Low Impact: Implement basic controls like access management and encryption.
Moderate Impact: Use enhanced measures such as regular audits, intrusion detection systems, and incident response plans.
High Impact: Apply robust controls including advanced encryption, multi-factor authentication, and comprehensive incident response and recovery strategies.
Prioritize Implementation: Based on the categorization, prioritize implementing the necessary safeguards to address identified risks and ensure compliance with security requirements.
To apply the security categorization standards (FIPS 199) to decide if each of the information security risk mitigations described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data,here are the steps and considerations
1. Understand the sensitivity and value of the data
Includes assessing the risk and value of the data and determining the classification level of the data.
2. Compliance with the relevant laws and standards
Including compliance with national regulations and the implementation of industry standards.
3. Develop access control strategy
Role-based access control: Develop RBAC strategies based on the user’s responsibilities and needs to ensure that users can only access the minimum data required for their work.
Data desensitization and anonymization: For data visitors of non-core services, data desensitization and anonymization technology can be protected to reduce the risk of data leakage.
4. Monitor and audit access activities
Real-time monitoring: implement a real-time monitoring system to track and record all data access activities, and timely detect and respond to unauthorized access or abnormal behavior.
Regular audits: Regular security audits to check the effectiveness and compliance of access control policies to ensure consistent compliance with safety requirements.
FIPS 199 (Federal Information Processing Standard 199) is a classification basis used to provide minimum security controls for information systems. The standard classifies information and information systems into three security categories: low (low impact), medium (medium impact), and high (high impact). Each category corresponds to a different security control requirement.
To apply FIPS 199 to determine whether each of the information security risk mitigations (safeguards) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns is required, we can follow the following steps，
1. Determine the security classification of information systems: According to FIPS 199 standard, information systems are divided into three security classifications, namely, low risk, medium risk and high risk. This classification is based on an assessment of the sensitivity, integrity and availability of the information assets involved in the system.
2. Assess the sensitivity of geospatial data，Assess the sensitivity of geospatial data in accordance with the requirements described in the Guidelines for Providing Adequate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns. Determine if the data contains sensitive information and how important and impactful it is to the organization.
3. Compare security classification and sensitivity assessment results,Compare the security classification of information system with the sensitivity assessment results of geospatial data. According to FIPS 199, determine whether the security classification of the information system matches the sensitivity of the geospatial data.
4. Determine whether safeguards are needed, Based on the results of the comparison, determine whether each information security risk mitigation (” safeguards “) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns is required. If the security classification of the information system does not match the sensitivity of the geospatial data, or if the geospatial data contains sensitive information and is of importance and influence to the organization, appropriate safeguards need to be taken.
5, compliance check: ensure that the selected control measures comply with FIPS 199 and any other relevant laws, regulations and policy requirements.
In this way, FIPS 199 can serve as a decision-making framework to help organizations determine whether specific information security risk mitigation measures are needed and ensure that these measures are aligned with the organization’s business needs and security requirements.
First, risk assessment is carried out on the classified geospatial data. This includes identifying potential threats, vulnerabilities and impacts associated with geospatial data. Secondly, geospatial data is classified according to FIPS 199 standard. This involves assessing the sensitivity of the data and the potential national security impact of a data breach. Thirdly, based on the results of the risk assessment, determine what security measures need to be taken to reduce or eliminate potential security risks. This may include measures such as physical security, network security, access control, encryption, auditing and monitoring. Lastly, match the safeguards described in the Guidance on Providing Adequate Access to Geospatial Data to Address Security Concerns with the safeguards requirements identified through a risk assessment. Ensure that the selected security measures fully meet the security requirements of the specific geospatial data category.
First. The information is divided into three categories and then each information system is evaluated on a scale of high, medium and low impact. Then evaluate the vulnerabilities associated with each security category and select some safeguards. Finally, ongoing monitoring and evaluation
According to FIPS 199, information is classified into three categories: non-confidential, confidential and top secret. The information is classified according to its sensitivity, potential harm and confidentiality requirements. Then, the confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements for each piece of information are determined to guide the design of information security measures. Next, a risk assessment is conducted to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities to geospatial data. According to the results of risk assessment, combined with the information classification and security impact of FIPS 199, select the appropriate security measures. For example, tighter access control, encrypted transmission and storage, regular backup and recovery measures may be required for confidential geospatial data. Finally, implement security measures and conduct regular monitoring and review. This includes examining the effectiveness of security measures, assessing potential security threats and vulnerabilities, and adapting and improving as needed. In deciding whether to implement information security risk mitigation measures, information needs to be classified according to FIPS 199 and its confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements identified. Then, according to the results of the risk assessment, combined with the information classification and security impact of FIPS 199, select the appropriate security measures. Some security measures may violate FIPS 199 and 44U if they endanger the integrity and availability of the information. S. C. , sec. 3542 and therefore need not be implemented.
For each type of information, FIPS 199 is used to assess its potential impact on three security objectives: confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA).
Assign a potential impact level to each information type: low, medium, or high.
Assign impact levels: Determine the potential impact if unauthorized access to geospatial data occurs. Assess the potential impact if geospatial data is altered or tampered with. Consider how changes to data affect decision making, security, or operations. Consider how an outage or lack of access to data might impact operations, emergency response, or service.
Determine the overall impact level for each information type based on the highest impact level assigned to any CIA target. Match mitigation measures with impact levels: Compare these protective measures with FIPS 199 impact levels to determine which are necessary. For example:
Low impact: Implement basic security measures such as password protection and routine monitoring.
Medium impact: Enhanced security through measures such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, and regular security audits.
High impact: Apply strict security measures, including restricted access, real-time monitoring, incident response plans, and possibly even physical security controls.
Implement appropriate safeguards based on the determined level of impact. Security measures need to be continuously monitored and adjusted to take into account any changes in data sensitivity, emerging threats, or changes in organizational needs.
By applying FIPS 199, it is possible to ensure that the appropriate level of security matches the potential risks associated with geospatial data, thereby effectively protecting information.
In order to address security concerns, the guidelines for determining the appropriate space described in “sim” (sim) require the following steps.
1. Information classification: First, geographic data is arranged in the order of fs-199. These include assessing the sensitivity of the data and the potential national security implications of not transmitting the data.
2. Risk assessment: calculated on the basis of geographically segmented data. This includes identifying threats, gaps, and potential impacts associated with geographic data.
3. Decision on safety requirements: Based on the results of risk assessment, decide what safety measures to take to reduce or eliminate potential safety risks. It may include physical security, network security, access control, encryption, authentication, and monitoring.
4. Adjustment of protection measures: Ensure that the protection measures specified in the appropriate geographic data access guidelines are consistent with the protection requirements identified during the risk assessment process. Verify that the security measures selected meet the security requirements for the specific geographic data category.
5. Implementation and monitoring: Implement appropriate safety measures according to the results and continuously monitor their effects. This may include regular safety policy reviews, replacement of technical protection measures, manpower education, safety inspections, etc.
In general, fips 199 provides a framework to determine the sensitivity of geographic data while taking appropriate security measures. Appropriate guidelines for access to geographic data have been developed to address security concerns by including risk assessments in supplementary protection measures.
Physical security may be more important than security or access control in cyberspace. This leads to complex analysis and case-by-case decisions.
1. Identify sensitive information content of geospatial data that poses a risk to security. This can be done by assessing potential security issues associated with the data.
2. The impact level of geospatial data is determined according to the Security Classification Standard (FIPS 199). The impact level is determined by considering the potential harm that could result from unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction of data.
3. The impact level of geospatial data is compared with the Security Classification Standard (FIPS 199) to determine the appropriate security controls and safeguards required. Security classification standards provide a framework for classifying information systems based on the potential impact of security vulnerabilities.
4. Assess the benefits of geospatial data dissemination against identified security risks. Consider the value and importance of publicly releasing data and weigh it against potential security concerns.
5. Select and implement risk-based protection measures that provide access to geospatial data while still protecting sensitive information content. Safeguards should be based on identified security risks and security Classification standards (FIPS 199).
Assess its potential impact on the three security objectives of confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA) under FIPS199. Assign a potential impact level to each information type: low, medium, or high. Assess the potential impact of unauthorized access to geospatial data and the potential impact of data tampering or tampering. Consider how data changes affect decisions, security, or operations, and the impact that data disruptions or inaccessibility may have on operations, emergency response, or services. Determine the overall impact level for each information type based on the highest impact level assigned to any CIA target. Match mitigation measures with impact levels and compare these protection measures with the impact levels of FIPS199 to determine which are necessary. Under FIPS199, information security risk mitigation (” safeguards “) is not necessary in responding to geospatial data security concerns, as it may compromise the integrity and availability of data, in violation of FIPS199 and 44U.S.C., Sec.3542. First, determine the security category. According to FIPS199, geospatial data is classified according to potential impact and then three security categories are defined: low, medium and high. Second, determine the applicable security controls. Third, match safeguards with security controls. Fourth, assess adequacy and appropriateness. Assess whether the identified safeguards adequately address the security requirements and concerns associated with geospatial data. Finally, monitor and review. Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the security controls and safeguards implemented through regular assessments, audits and tests. Update the security posture as needed to address emerging threats, changing data environments or evolving security requirements.
By using FIPS 199 to classify the impact level, we can determine the necessity of specific risk mitigation measures described in the geospatial data guide:
1. Access control: Because confidentiality and availability are greatly affected, strict access control is needed to ensure that only authorized personnel can access sensitive geospatial data.
2. Encryption: The high or moderate impact on confidentiality and integrity indicates that encryption is needed in both static and transmission.
3. Data backup and recovery:High impact on availability indicates a strong need for reliable data backup and recovery solutions.
Geospatial data is comprehensively defined as “time-sensitive information pertaining to a distinct location on the Earth’s surface, offering profound insights into the interrelationships among variables and unveiling underlying patterns and trends.”
The FIPS 199 security categorization framework, when applied to geospatial data, can effectively assess the necessity of adhering to FGDC guidelines and safeguards, based on the potential risk implications associated with such data. Utilizing the established Security categorization formula, we can meticulously determine the inherent risk impact of this data on individuals and organizations, considering confidentiality, integrity, and availability perspectives.
A thorough and meticulous analysis of geospatial data involves initially establishing the data categorization, which is then rigorously evaluated in alignment with extant FGDC guidelines. This evaluation addresses questions related to severity and criticality, synonymous with impact analysis, enabling precise decision-making concerning the necessity of implementing security risk mitigation strategies.
FIPS 199 is a standard developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. It provides guidelines for categorizing information systems based on the potential impact that a security breach could have on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system’s data.
To apply the security categorization standards (FIPS 199) to decide if each of the information security risk mitigations (“safeguards”) described in the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns are needed, can follow these steps:
1.Identify the System: Determine which system or systems are involved in providing access to geospatial data. This could be a single database, a network of servers, or a combination of hardware and software components.
2.Select the Categorization Level: Based on the potential impact of a security breach, select a categorization level for the system. FIPS 199 defines three levels: low, moderate, and high. The higher the categorization level, the more safeguards are required.
3.Assess the Risk: Evaluate the potential risks associated with the system, including threats from both internal and external sources. Consider the likelihood and impact of each risk.
4.Apply Safeguards: Based on the categorization level and the assessed risks, apply the appropriate safeguards from the Guidelines for Providing Appropriate Access to Geospatial Data in Response to Security Concerns. These might include physical security measures, access controls, encryption, audit trails, and incident response plans.
5.Document and Review: Document the applied safeguards and review them periodically to ensure they remain appropriate and effective. Update the safeguards as needed based on changes in the system or its environment.
6.Monitor Compliance: Ensure that all personnel adhere to the applied safeguards and conduct regular compliance checks to detect any deviations or violations.
7.Test Safeguards: Test the effectiveness of the safeguards through penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, and other security assessments. Use the results to refine and improve the safeguards.